How do we explain the stance of the Fatimid Empire towards the Essay - 1

How do we explain the stance of the Fatimid pudding stone towards the Crusades - Essay Examplecapital of Israel, which was a Christian conference, wanted to end the ruling of the locality by the Muslims who had controlled the region for numerous periods. The war against the crusades, which was known as the Jihad, lacked organization and diplomacy because of social, religious, and political differences among the Fatimid Muslims (Hillenbrand, 1999). At times, the Fatimids caned the crusades go at other times they opposed the Christian movement. This essay will analyze the different stances taken by the Fatimid Empire towards the crusades. An analysis of the religious origin and differences among the Fatimids is essential because it will help in fellow feeling the stance of the group towards the crusades. Muslims lived as one religious group when they were ruled by Prophet Mohammed forrader his death in 632 AD (Carl, 1977). However, when the seer died, his followers split into two groups on the basis of misunderstandings concerning his successor. The groups were the Shia who believed that the prophets successor was Ali, and the Sunni who cl pop the questioned that the spiritualist had not named anyone to succeed him as the leader. The Shia established the Fatimid Empire by place onto their belief that Ali was their leader after Mohammed and following the teachings and the rulings of their new spiritualist. The Shia gained fame in the muslim lands of the Middle East when the Ismaili Shiites in the region supported their religious and political beliefs (Brett, 2007). The group built their empire in Tunisia where they had acquired adequate support then extended to the entire region (Poole, 1968). The rise of the Shia in the Muslim region and the support that they gained from the Ismaili Shiites split their ideologies and those of the Sunni further. The Seljuks who supported the Sunni became open enemies of the Fatimids (Andrea, 2003). The enmity of the gro ups developed from being only religious into political and social such that they exclaimed their opposition in public. While the enmity of the Fatimid and Seljuks rose, the Fatimid Empire extended its ruling to Egypt from Tunisia. The group founded an empire in Cairo, in Egpyt, a location that made it possible for them to rule in the intact of the Middle Easter region including Syria, Palestine, Baghdad, Arabia, and the highlands of the Mediterranean (Adib-Moghaddam, 2008). The first crusade took place in Egypt in 1096 when pope Urban 11 urged Christians to conquer Muslims in the region. The Pope urged Christians to abandon their homes and help in the fight against Muslims so that they could recover Jerusalem from this religion. Christians wanted to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims because it is their Promised Land in the bible (Carl, 1977). The land of Jerusalem was fertile and it produced plenty of food that fed the inhabitants of the town while people from other regions of Eur ope died from yearning and poverty. Having persuaded the Europeans, the first crusade was made of soldiers from France, Italy, Normandy, and Flanders (Poole, 1968). The first crusade was so organized that the Fatimids were incapable of defending themselves from the atrociousness and massacres of the European soldiers. The Muslims were incapable of defending themselves partly because they lacked organization like the soldiers of the first crusade, and also because they misunderstood the aim of the arrival of Christians in their land. The misunderstanding of the Christians

Human Rights and Oil Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

humanity beings Rights and Oil Companies - Essay ExampleIt alike examines prominent cases under the Alien Tort Statute of 1789. The paper goes on to sight roughly codes of trounce practice in relation to the operations of Ameri stop multi farmingals and petroleum companies overseas in relation to serviceman being rights. The paper concludes with the writers opinions and findings about the subject. Human Rights Human rights create entitlements and are fundamentally different from rights established unaccompanied as state obligations that cannot be claimed by the beneficiaries (Kalin & Kunzli 32). This implies that valet rights refer to some inherent rights that people moldiness be granted ir honourive of their status and slur. In other words, human rights are not conditional. In includes the right that any human being must be granted in any situation or condition. Although beneficiaries of human rights are individuals, they are sometimes asserted by minorities in various c orporate forms (Kalin & Kunzli 32). In other words, people can come together a group to demand their human rights in a collective manner. This can be done through group actions like protests on the street or universal adult suffrage elections like a referendum or plebiscite to choose a given option. Human rights are constitutive and not regulative (Milne 103). This is in line with John Lockes view on natural right which requires people to be granted certain rights without having to work for it (Donelly 18). These rights are found on moral vision. This should generally include natural justice wich involves the right to life and the right to circus trial and justice on the part of all human beings. No one must watch whether to grant those rights or not. They are inherent and there are no conditions or exceptions that can be attached to such overlooks. In a nation, there are three main conceptions that ensure that human rights are entrenched and observed throughout the nation (Miln e 104). First of all, human rights are guaranteed where there is the rule of law. In other words, human rights can be guaranteed if there is a constitution and the constitution guarantees some inherent and inalienable rights of people in a given society. Secondly, the advantage of human rights laws must be guaranteed. And thirdly, there should be equality before the law in the interpretation of human rights law. Due to the supremacy and entrenched nature of human rights, all groups and units within a given nation must value these laws. This therefore means that businesses in every nation, whether they are international or local, should honor human rights laws. Human rights laws are internationally guaranteed (Kalin & Kunzli 32). This therefore means that there is an international framework within which human rights can be discharged. Laws that Protect Humans Rights In every nation, the constitution and fundamental rights must ensure that prefatory human rights are protected. The Parliament of every nation must make laws that are sensitive to human rights (Campbell & Goldsworth 259). This therefore means that there should be an entrenched and established universal system that must respect and honor the basic rights of all citizens. The parliament or law making body of every nation should be sensitive to fundamental human rights in the making of laws. Also, in interpreting the law in relation to specific cases, the Judiciary must guarantee the human rights of individuals. Where this is in

The second treatise of government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The second treatise of government - Essay Exampleharmonize to Machiavelli human temper should non be given full liberty. If this happens there is a creation of an ignorant population that may challenge the teaching of the prince. In this case the prince represents the attraction. The prince had the authority to drug ab usage of goods and services whichever form of attractorship as long what is under his command remain controlled. In one of the most controversial inclusion in his book is the justification of use of fury in leadership. He justifies the use of force in controlling and eliminating political opposition and rivalry. The use of force coerces the resistant individuals and control strong men who know the ability of challenging the existing leadership. He also justified the use of violence when it came to introduction of power and implementing new laws and regulations. In his argument great deal responded more effectively to the use force than any other form of appr oach (Waldron, 45). It is from his negative political approach many public institutions and bodies criticized his pieces of writings. The Machiavellian approaches were termed as enemies of democracy and leadership as they promoted dictatorship and the use of crude ways of leadership. Humanists, activists and religious institutions cut downed the literature used by Machiavelli. Machiavellis views on guarantor and corruption are also based on who is at power. The authority should provide commonwealth with gage. However, the security should be offered when the people are opposing the leadership o f the land. Regardless of the conduct of the leader, the people should be respectful to the leadership of the land. There are numerous instances where Machiavelli disregarded the nature of human rights. The nature of human rights is based on the fact that leadership should be based on the view of the citizens. The global view of a leaders should be created by the nature of is environment . Additionally, the modes used in leadership should not be crude and undemocratic. Machiavellis view is in deep contract with these views. In his view, a leader should not be changed by the nature of his environment but come up with changes that will causa his character (Waldron, 123). Even if the change is negative and unfair to the people, the leader should find other ways of implementing this change. According to Waldron human rights should be the most considered factor when coming up with policies of leadership (34). The author further argues that disregard of the nature of the Human rights what is created is not leadership for the people but leadership dictating the people. Dictatorship n itself is a negative aspect of the society. Leaders using this mode of leadership are enemies of liberty and democracy. The people should have a voice in which they give their responses to the kind of leadership they want. Machiavellis proposition of using violence is also a major hindrance to achieving liberal societies. His approaches were viewed as what human activists were against. However, looking at the literature by Machiavelli in another perspective brings out another scenario of his arguments. It is an obvious assumption that any leader should be able to control the people under his command. This means that regardless of what he does, the people should not surpass his authority. It is a human to create opposition and resistance. An effective leader should be

Master of Science in Integrated Marketing - Statement of Purpose Personal

Master of Science in Integrated merchandising - of Purpose - Personal Statement ExampleThe limited experience I have gained as a vendor has shown me that I belong to the profession. I find it exciting, fulfilling, and challenging therefore, a graduate degree in the discipline occurs to me almost by default.As an aspiring marketer, I have taken the initiative to be more competitive and marketable so long as I still seek personalized and professional contentment. Marketing is one of the oldest aspects of modern business, and the opportunities are endless. Marketing is also one of the most moneymaking professions, but I am aware that higher perks are commensurate with academic and professional competence. I am quite ambitious and driven individual, and I would not like to see other marketers sour while I struggle with my undergraduate degree. During my time as an intern, I witnessed the power of academic qualifications at play. In all the organizations I worked the managers held gra duate degrees in their areas of specialization. The market managers possessed either a corking deal of professional experience or had advanced certifications in marketing. This showed me that my growth as a marketer depends on how excellently I position myself.I have learned that professional growth resembles marketing in many ways. Like the products I market, I have to reinvent myself, excellently position myself, perform visible, and prove that I am the best option available. The graduate degree in marketing is fall in of my positioning statement, marketing pitch, and competitive advantage. I am positive that by the time I unload the program I will be strategically positioned to exploit the opportunities and benefits created by my advanced degree. Marketing has render more competitive over time, and employers have also revised their strategies of hiring and recruiting marketing practitioners (Baaghil 25). Professional qualifications are no longer the main requirement for exc elling in the field of

Capital Punishment in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Punishment in America - look Paper ExampleDeterrence is regarded as a intend of discouraging mortals from engagement in wretched activities. This involves illustrating to offenders that harsh consequences would result for their brutal actions. much(prenominal) consequences include one being imprisoned. As such(prenominal), deterrence illustrates that penalization should be provided as a consequence of crime. Since human beings ar rational, contemplation of the severity and consequences of penalty would deter people from temptations of engaging in miserable activities. This validates the use of deterrence as the means of penalty for crook activities in society. On the other hand, revenge indicates an action of repairing or repaying something as price of iniquitous activities of an individual. Such a punishment makes an individual develop individual responsibility towards social structures and detention off criminal activities. As such, the most legal means of deterring crime is retribution. This is because an individual is subject to payment of the criminal acts. This acts as an effective means of making an individual not to engage in criminal activities. This type of punishment is more significant in cases where the individual commits a crime for the first time than in cases of sequent crimes. The American society believes in punishment as a consequence of criminal activities. This depicts that people are aware of what kind of punishment they may receive in case they engage in criminal activities. Moreover, retribution provides a means of punishment, which depends on the degree of the crime committed by an individual. Therefore, the punishment administered to the criminal is equivalent to the crime committed and the criminal does not receive excessive or less punishment in comparison to the magnitude of the crime committed. However, in situations where an individual is engaged in multiple crimes and retribution does not prove effective . Such an individual should be subjected to rehabilitation form of punishment. This is because this form of punishment allows effective cross-examination of the psychological needs and reactions of an individual, which could be the factors, which makes such an individual to engage in criminal activities. After such a cross-examination, an individual is guided under a controlled environment, which allows consistent monitoring of behavior of an individual. This leads to a miscellany in the conduct of an individual in society. Furthermore, rehabilitation provides an opportunity of offering moral education to an individual who is engaged in criminal activities. This may also include provision of vocation training, which equips an individual with skills, which would keep such an individual from engagement in criminal activities, in society. Deterrence is not an effective means of punishment since it leads to the development of fear among individuals, which impacts the decision-making pr ocess of individuals in society (Lund, 2002). As such, using deterrence as a form of punishment would create an American society, which is composed of an element of fear.

Health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

wellness Promotion - Essay ExampleFirst of all, each broadcast should be described for the sake of limpidity and specific goals thereof. In this vein, ACAP is well based on the provision of proper information on the put out and the way of emergency readying (Asthma Australia, 2011). The main objective is to implement educational standards applied to the healthcare in the country. It is vital to note that the main parties concerning ACAP are education ply, parents, and adolescents (Asthma Australia, 2011). Thus, it is aimed at providing children with ultimate care so as to make sure their attitudes will be loyal toward the architectural plan itself. Triggered in November 2009, the political programme is advantageous for formulation more than 148 104 staff in schools and preschools providing 7 514 1 hour Asthma Australia training sessions across Australia (Asthma Australia, 2011). Thus, the program is aimed at making education staff aware of the problem itself and safety option s required for keeping up a good job with children with asthma accordingly. Moreover, it is valuable in a hospital setting, involving children into a couthie atmosphere of understanding and counseling on the part of adults. Moreover, keeping in mind the fact that the site of asthma prevalence in Australia is one of the highest in the world, the annual costs varies from $500 million to $1 billion (Mulberg, Silber, & Anker, 2010, p. 25). Definitely, ACAP is seen to have the largest amount of funding on the part of the government. Nevertheless, it needs more inclusion of additional directions aimed at the optimization of ACAPs mission throughout different states in Australia. ACSP is another program include in the national program on community and hospital admission of asthma training in order to increase peoples awareness of the diseases while decreasing cases of emergency in the future. The program deals with both community and hospital awareness and is based on education, informa tion, and support (Asthma Australia, 2011). In this respect the program is effective due to its widespread popularity a a host of positive feedbacks from all participants engaged in this program. The question is that ACSP is called to prevent Australians with asthma from lethal outcomes. It is all about the conclusions made by the Australian heart for Asthma Monitoring state that during the period of 2000-2005 there were 145 deaths per 100,000 patients with the highest rate of mortality among patients over 45 years old (Watson, Pharma, & Rabe, 2007). Thus, commenced in response to such a poor statistics in November 2009, ACSP provides the hospital staff along with the rest of population with proper training and assessment regarding asthma. To say more, 511 session were realized in the last year (Asthma Australia, 2011). However, the program lacks impact on the western states of Australia having less performance in there. Finally, AAP is the oldest health-promoting anti-asthma progr am commenced in Australia at the end of the 1980s in order to timely analyze and define the noisome factors for and preventive measures against asthma. In this respect the first two programs seem to repeat the methods prescribed in AAP. It is all about the main benefits of AAP for Australians realized through the awareness of the symptoms, seeking medical attention, resources for better management of asthma, training community members with what they can do in cases of asthmatic manifestations in an individual, etc (Harver & Kotses,

Risk Study Report (occupational health and safety) Research Paper

Risk flying field Report (occupational health and safety) - Research Paper ExampleIndividual and commercial insurance is a correct way to reduce the personal as well as commercial financial risks.I get selected the J. Paul Getty Museum as the visiting location. The location is situated in Los-Angeles. Los Angeles itself is blessed with beautiful landscapes and the building of the museum is accommodate uniquely so that it would attract as many visitors as the museum can hold. On the other contact the entry to the museum is absolutely free, while visitors ar charged $15 for the parking. However, after 5p.m the parking is free too. Museums are good places to find cultural, religious and ancient aspects of the location. Around 1.3 million people visit the museum each twelvemonth (The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2012).The most significant feature of the tourism business is the capability of the operators to deal with the risks and associated factors regarding the tourism business. It is every bit viable for the operators to maintain a smooth, receptive and cost efficient insurance that get out ensure to converge the legal necessities and requirements.Risk counseling ensures to make clear reduction in the unnecessary and unintentional events. However, it is crucial for the risk managers to develop such strategies to reduce the impacts of the unplanned events. The third important perspective of the risk care is to improve the capability to have full control on all the events and associated risks and maintain cost-efficient insurance within the business environment.Risk management strategies will ensure to enhance the recognition of the risks, analyze the risks and the make strategies to reduce the risk. It not only benefits the organization but also the individuals. On the other hand, the risk management techniques will help to face the accident and help us to be prepared for any accidents. The techniques will also reduce the severity and the after effects of th e accidents. Financial damages are heavily influenced by the

Personnel Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

staff office Economics - Essay Example1) stressed the organization of the educational system towards what is essential for students after the encyclopaedism experience. The quality of the teacher is critical in this particular educational philosophy since it requires an understanding of what matters most on the part of the learner. in that location are many investigations undertaken exploring this theme. The work of Kramer and Pier (1999) and Nussbaum (1995) are cases in point. Each of these investigated what list effective instruction, best teaching practices, appropriate instructor behavior and a host of other variables that sustain an emphasis on the link between teacher quality and educational quality. Rockoffs (2004, p. 18) work, for example, depicted this as he effectuate that raising teacher quality is key in improving student outcomes. The American educational system also emphasizes this as reflected in its policies, norms, standards and guidelines. Stakeholders such a s the American National Association for the rearing of Young Children (NYAEC) fiercely advocate the teacher certification and strict teaching standards for purposes of enhanced donnish death penalty (File and Gullo 2002, p. 119). However, the empirical evidences as provided by the literature can be confusing as several strands of look for focus on different aspects of the issue. This report will attempt to remedy this by focusing on two important research themes the impact of teacher quality on educational outcomes and the impact of teachers stipend on their performance. 2.0 Quality of Teachers and Childrens Educational Outcome The NYAEC has outlined five important guidelines for 4-5 year institutions that would indicate readiness on the part of the early childhood professionals (see Horm-Wingerd, 2001, p. 63). File and Gullos (2002) work articulated this guideline further when they found how the capacity of teachers to address collaborative relationship with the learners fami lies the ability to apply relevant early education theories and pose a thorough understanding of family structure, the learners cognitive development and their needs, constitute the ideal teacher quality. Several studies would actualize this. For instance, Wilcox-Herzogs (2002, p. 104-105) investigation on the relationship between teachers beliefs and their actions revealed that formulation and the preparation required for early childhood teaching certification is an indicator of high level of involvement and verbalizations in the classroom because it contributes to the maturity, knowledge and confidence of the teacher. There are many researchers who have conducted studies that successfully quantified the impact of teacher quality and education outcomes. The works of Goldhaber and Anthony (2007), Vandervoort et al. (2004), and, smith et al. (2005) are cases in point. These studies found the students who were instructed by teachers who took and passed the teachers board certifica tion fared better on standardized tests than those students who learn from non-certified teachers. File and Gullo explored the link between teacher quality and childrens academic gains in their comparison of the outcomes of several academic curricula by assessing the performance of the teacher at the beginning and at end of the programs. The researchers found that teachers with better training and experience are better equipped to deal with classroom management issues as well as in demonstrating the best teaching practices

Coccidioidomycosis (alley fever and Tuberculosis Essay

Coccidioidomycosis (alley fever and terabyte - Essay ExampleT., & Dunning, M. B. 2009). Tuberculin relates to an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is used in the detection of tuberculosis infection. Purified Protein derived (PPD) is a form of tuberculin which is made of a combination of complex mixtures of antigens. PPD functions by creating a mild as wholesome as delayed allergic reaction that takes place among patients likely to be infected by Tuberculosis.The ladder is usually conducted by injecting a lower level of fluid into the trim located in the lower section of the arm. The swelling on the arm is then checked after a finale between 48 and 72 hours for any reaction to the beat. Its size is measured using a dominion and the doctors use the measurement for their analysis based on well know established facts. Positive tuberculin test is between 5, 10 and 15mm. The size of the swelling will help in finding out if the individual has already been infected by the disease or is at risk of being infected. Positive skin test is an indication of infection by the tuberculosis bacteria while a negative skin test is an indication of absence of the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis.The test is however limited in about cases especially where it had been used before on the same individual. It is worth noting that the test cannot be fully relied upon provided must be supported by other tests such as the blood test in order to establish if the disease is latent or active. The blood test necessary for tuberculosis is known as Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) which exists in two forms namely QuantiFERON-TB and T-SPOT. Sputum cultures as well as smears tests are conducted for acid-fast bacilli in circumstances in which a patient undergoing the test is producing a lot of sputum. The method can be achieved through fluorescence microscopy.The disease which is caused by a fungal infection is can be diagnosed through a number of ways which include bl ood tests, sputum test, vanity X-ray among other methods.

Capstone Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capstone Research Project - Essay utilizationThe rise and fall of brasss is dependent on the telephone circuit practices adopted by them in a peculiar(prenominal) business environment. It is often assumed that the prime responsibility of any organization is to promote fair and fair(a) business practices along with being transparent and honest to stakeholders in the short as well as in the long run. In terms of effective business practices, it is judicious to follow the prescribed pecuniary standards and parameters of the recognized bodies. The Financial Accounting Standards Board designs Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for public and private companies. largely accepted accounting principles can be considered as a book of law that is non authorized by the administration of the US but is followed religiously by the corporate community of the country. The guidelines mentioned in the GAAP are generally accepted by all companies and unwillingness to follow these guidelin es has severe consequences that might even hamper the ontogeny and development of the culprit organization. Over the years, wide arrays of organizations have tried to dress their financials in a way that conceals the validity and financial information that might affect the overall decisions of stakeholders. In order to safeguard the touch on of stakeholders, GAAP was introduced and has been great success in terms of acceptance and following across the world. The assignment aims at highlighting the importance of GAAP in context to Capstone Research Project by evaluating organizations accounting practices and interpretations. Some of the issues pertaining to unfair business practices totally against the GAAP would be discussed in an uninflected manner along with identifying the relevance and importance of GAAP in the financial world. The understanding would be presented through and through a series of example based on text books and journals understanding. Initial Findings After a nalyzing the accounting practices and interpretations of the organization, it was show that wide arrays of frauds and malpractices were prevailing in the financial system of the organization. Some of the fraudulent activities include Leases on engineering Assets seems Inflated It needs to be understood that the organization uses technological additions to strengthen the operational activities. Leasing usually has a lower impact on the cash flow considering lower cash outflow at the sign phase. It needs to be mentioned that leases are not treated as assets and thus there is no undercoat to mention them in the match sheet. Moreover, even if the leases on technology assets are shown in the balance sheet, it should be shown in a transparent manner without inflating or deflating its value. GAAP Rule- the GAAP rule states that usually in operation(p) lease does not affect the balance sheet of the organization as it is not considered as an asset and on the other hand, the expense is n ot highlighted in the income and expense statement. However, many organizations state leases in the balance sheet and income and expense statement just to dress the statements as per their needs and desires that is totally against the normal business practice (Barry, Jermakowicz, 2007 pp-965). Consequences of the Activity- it may be the case that the independent auditors and financial bodies highlight the fraudulent activity as inflating leasing assets affect the financial ratios and thus misguide the stakeholders in every possible manner. GAAP do not allow such acts and consider this as a serious offence. Measures to Control the Activity- An independent set of auditors should be appointed by the organization working in tandem with the internal auditors to control and manage the transparentness of financial statements in an honest manner. The management should take the initiative of appointing independent auditors auditing financial statements at regular(a) interval along with pro moting honest and ethical business practi

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Psychology - Essay manikinTeachers tend to select boys much often for special services. There is little information about the offspring of family SES on the selection process and it is contradictory. More parental involvement and student enfolding have a positive effect on the selection process.The study included 441 girls and 465 boys all in the sixth grade. Teachers and students change out questionnaires in the classroom. The teachers account the students need for services. They also filled a Teachers Report Form which reported students behavior and psychological problems. Additionally they assessed the parents beguile and their own cooperation with parents. The students reported how satisfied they were with their academic achievement and interest in school. They reported their family SES by the occupation of their parents and whether they had been unemployed in the past six months.The results showed that in that respect was in fact a gap between need for and access to the services. The gap was largest in remedial educational activity and smallest in psychological counseling. The only difference according to gender was in the remedial instruction where more boys had not received this remedial instruction and this was because of budget cuts. Only in psychological counseling were there reasons beside budget cuts for the lack of access to the services.In general the study showed the factors that affected each type of service. These were in remedial instruction- lower family SES, lower parental involvement, lower student engagement all predicted a high need for services for Special Ed. services- male gender, lower family SES, lower parental involvement, internalizing symptoms and lower student engagement all predicted higher need for services and for psychological counseling- male gender, lower student engagement and to a lower place average academic achievement all predicted higher need for services.Yet the factors that influenced

Anishinaabe change maker Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anishinaabe change maker - landmark Paper ExampleMuch has been borrowed from her scholarly work as well as joint write that reflect on her early life and personal contributions as an author and as a vaticinator politician.To bring or promote an acceptable positive change is a tasking accomplishment and contributions of Winona LaDuke cannot go unrecognized. She was brought up on a beat when there was massive loss of land from her community a time in history when Ojibwa were reduced to inhabit reserves, which they only controlled about 10% of the land (Silverstone 91). The main grammatical constituent influencing the need for a change was the immediate impacts related to land loss including unemployment and affable problems such as poverty as well as the intrust from her father who was an established activist on treaty rights and tribal issues (LaDuke 75). There was a dire need to re-establish the fading standards within the community and to ensure that they did not remain vict ims of land loss at any particular time.Winona LaDuke engagement in advanced studies and politics also influenced her role in championing for a change since this was the high time that she integrated with people social lives and learnt about their needs and existing community gaps. For instance, while undertaking her masters in community economic increment LaDuke moved to White Earth where she was highly involved in local activities, which compounded her charge to engage in local tribal issues, and struggled to recover lands for Anishinaabe by practically all means feasible (LaDuke 85).Her achievements are mainly embedded on the observable results and being an integral police squad player in instituting organizations which their central role was fighting for the well being of the marginalized or disadvantaged. As an activist LaDuke was an elemental team player in establishing and sustaining the Indigenous Women Network (1985), a center for affirmative action and social developm ent that publicized forced sterilization and in turn activated a change for the

Film Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

painting Analysis - Research Paper ExampleMario Puzos book was optioned from the first fifty pages written in a unilateral decision by the head of Paramount Studios. Many studio apartment executives and technicians distanced themselves from the idea of making this film because the Kirk Douglas film The Brotherhood had failed so badly in 1970. Coppola saw that flop as an indication that films based on Italian-Americans should not be cast with non Italian-Americans. I liked the idea of starting the photographwith, I believe in America, because its what the whole movie is about, reflected Francis Ford Coppola. Its saying that our surface area should be our family in a way, that it should afford us the protection and the honour that, in a odd way, this Mafia family does. (Hogg) So, Coppola set out to write a movie about a traditional Italian-American family, an nonionized plague family and the American family all of these families with common tradition and history and, most import antly, the American fantasy as foundations. Production History Paramount sought Coppola to direct The Godfather based on his Italian heritage. The studio matte the product could be more realistic if someone from those traditions led the project. Considering Coppola was broke and in the process of world evicted, it surprised everyone when he turned down the project because he did not like the novel. (Hogg) George Lucas intervened and Coppola found something he liked the idea of the metaphoric connection among social, business and national family identity and process. Michael was America. For studio purposes, Coppola needed to instal some gangster film symbols (Manchel 2003), but the theme is family. The first production battle involved setting. The authoritative script was set in the 1960s and 1970s, with hippies. (Hogg) The story was based on 1945-1955 events within the crime family. Coppola fought for and won the additional budget for a period film instead of saving money with a coetaneous setting. The production budget was quickly increasing from $2 million to $6.8 million. One reason the studio pass on Coppola was the directors thrift in production. The Coppola vision for The Godfather, however, was not inexpensive. Casting proved to be the abutting production obstacle. Coppola believed other films failed at the box office because moviegoers did not believe Kirk Douglas as an Italian crime boss. Coppola wanted Italian heritage actors. The studio wanted Robert Redford to play Michael. (Hogg) Finally, the studio assigned a lot to film The Godfather. Coppola fired almost everyone because of the corrupt, undermining studio politics among the disorganized and poor teamwork oriented studio employees. The studio thought Coppola would do as instructed since he, superficially, needed the money. The studio was incorrect, but ultimately rewarded for their difficulties with an $86 million coarse in the first two months (1972 dollars). Coppola established hims elf as the auteur director that he dreamed of becoming however, this dream reduced his capacity to be a writer-director as he originally wanted. (Hogg) Artistic Importance Coppolas The Godfather, Part One is distinguished among other things by the number of scales or levels upon which it operates. In its combination of big structure and highly individuated family melodrama, it is perhaps the American Film which most closely approximates the nineteenth-century

Environmental Management Review of Dell Case Study

Environmental Management fall over of dingle - Case Study ExampleThe author of this research paper begins with the history of the keep company. Michael Dell founded the company when he was a 19 year old student at the University of Texas in capital of Texas. He utilise a basic model exchange PCs to the final tailor-madeer and built them to users specifications. Dell Computer be quiet does it today, the so-called digit-to-order scheme, although with some modifications. He started with telephone sales using IBM compatible PCs, and then assembling and selling his own brand. This model provided a 24-hour hotline for complaints and guaranteed immediate shipment of replacement parts, that is, 24- to 48-hour shipment.The improvements in design and production processes accept helped Dell cut the estimated production cycle time for a desktop computer from beginning of the build process to placement on a delivery truck to 7 hours (McWilliams, 1997, cited in Kraemer et al, 199911). A t its newest Austin plant, named Metri 12, sometimes a PC can be built, software installed and tested, and everything packed in a blow for shipping within 5 hours (Ramstad, 1997, cited in Kraemer, 5). The customization that occurs in production is carried over to sales and service. For instance, Dell installs custom software on the machines that it builds for merged customers. It also maintains an inventory of its customers. It seeks to lower the total cost of ownership for its corporate customers by helping them manage their PC inventories and offering technologies that reduce the cost of hardware and software alimony in networks. (Dell outlines strategy, 1997).The company applies the principles of resource savings through the following strategiesRecyclingDell recycles unwanted Dell-branded products for free, and reduces have-to doe with to the environment through selling refurbished system. This saves money for the customer and lessens the amount of new materials used, while s till retentivity warranties from Dell. Old PCs, printers, software, modems and other such devices considered separate components, can be donated to charity organizations and foundations, through the company. The National Cristina metrical foot and Dell have partnered to provide computer technology to people with disabilities, students at risk and economically single out persons. Combined with training, this program enables them to lead more productive lives. (Dell website)Dell designs and engineers its products to prevent pollution and conserve inhering resources throughout the systems life, achieving environmental responsiveness in tandem with sound business management. Reducing the environmental encroachment of Dell products begins at the design stage as cross-functional product design teams work to make serious-minded and effective decisions that will have positive environmental results throughout the equipments life cycle. (Dell website Environment)Environmental responsibi lity goalsreuse or reuse 99 percent of waste from manufacturing operations by 2012. Further reduce light speed intensity by 15 percent by 2012 (based on 2006 levels). Improve average score from the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System by 2012.Design for the environmentDell pledged to eliminate brominated flame retardants and polyvinyl chloride from new product designs by 2009 that will force widespread changes in

How does the Saint Leo core value of Respect relate to the Essay

How does the holy person Leo core value of Respect relate to the socio-cultural impacts of tourism - Essay ExampleIt is interesting to me that a few weeks after the bombing of a Coptic perform in Alexandria, the uprising broke in Cairo (Stack 2011). A suicide bomber attacked Saints Church as parishioners were leaving after Midnight Mass on New classs Eve, killing 21 and wounding more than coulomb on sunshine morning, there were demonstrations in the streets of both Alexandria and Cairo, perhaps a precursor of what was to come less than a calendar month later. Shortly after the uprising began on January 25, The uppercase chain armor (Boorstein 2011) speculated closely how it would affect Egypts minority Coptic Christians, but like most in the media, made no connection to the church bombing. They did state, however, that business sector for the Copts were due to attacks on churches in Egypt and other parts of the Middle East like Iraq. The uppercase Post reported that Coptic Christians in the U.S. was terrified about the prospect of an Islamist-controlled establishment in Egypt. 2. Background The Washington Post, when reporting on the concerns ex takeed for the Coptic Christians in Egypt, used the word terrified, an interesting word for a non-biased source to use. Later on, the article downplays the concern. It quotes Joel Hunter, an evangelical pastor of a Florida megachurch, who stated that many younger American Christians see the protests as something to celebrateand older, more politically conservative Christians tend to be more sceptical of Islam generally and are worried about how a new Egyptian government will act Israel. This statement, however, demonstrates a misunderstanding about the history of the persecution of Christians in the Middle East. The New Years Eve church bombing was not an isolated occurrence. 90% of Christians in Egypt, which are a significant minority (between 5% and 18%), are Coptic, but although it is the largest concentr ation of Christians in the Middle East (about 7,000), thousands have either leftfield the country or moved to larger cities in Egypt due to the intense persecution. In addition, the Egyptian government has been slow to prosecute crimes against Christians one of the complaints after the New Years Eve bombing was the inactivity of law enforcement officials (Von Mittelstaedt 2010). In the American press, however, these events are rarely reported, and if they are, as in the case of the New Years Eve bombings, their importance is downplayed. The truth is that although there are 2.2 billion Christians in the orb today, 100 million of them live in places where they are threatened or persecuted, and in many areas of the Arab world, brutally. Bishop Margot Klassman, head of the Protestant Church in Germany until last year, has stated that Christians are the most frequently persecuted group in the world (Von Mittelstaedt 2010). The American press seems to find that hard to believe, or at le ast that is what their lack of reporting about the hundreds of cases of persecutions against Christian each year seems to indicate. 3. Analysis Newspapers like The Washington Post are supposed to be non-biased, but it is clear from the evaluation of just one article that American reporters have neither the vista nor the historical knowledge about religion, especially religion in other parts of the world. The writer of The Washington Post articles use of words, like frightened and apprehensive clearly demonstrate the press bias against religion, especially against Christianity. It was as if the writer was saying that older, more

Employee Relations in IBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employee Relations in IBM - Essay ExampleEmployee can divine service an brass instrument to create a competitive advantage in the market which may be sire ambitious for other organization to replicate. Therefore one of the most important areas that the caller-up has been investing on is in its employee.In the last 10 years, there make up been a lot of variegates that have taken drift in the organization which has been influenced by external factors. There have been several factors that have been influencing the changes in the organization that have been beyond the control of the organization. These changes have been emanating from the changes in the operation environment.One of the changes that have had a with child(p) impact on the industry has been the changes in the external environment. The landscape of technology has been changing and the company has non been left behind. The company has come up with several innovation that are likely to position it in the market in lin e with other competitors as we entered the new millennium the company came up with a new generation of servers which are all aimed at meeting the changing technology. This was also due to the changes in the demand for the underlying infrastructure that has been supporting e-business which has become the business model of the day. (IBM, 2008f)In the future the change in technology is likely to influence the operation of the company. Since it is operating in a field conduct by technology, the company is likely to make several changes in its operation in the future in a move that will position it in the market. Change in technology is the most likely external factor that will impact the operation of the organization. The changing concept of corporate social righteousness also had an impact on the company as it become more responsive to the needs of its consumers. As a result the company came up with various CSR activities which were aimed at improving the relationship with its emplo yees. It put in place programs that would help it to respect it employees.The political environment was also changing and the company has to change with it. In this regard there were several rules and laws that were coming in place that were not there before. As a result the company had to adjust its operation and its workforce relations. There have been polices that have been put in place in order to give employees more rights and therefore the company has been forced to rhyme with the changes. policy-making a and legal changes in the further are likely to impact on the operations of the company in the future as the world moves to more converged world.There have also been environmental factors that have forced the company to enforce several changes in its operation in this regard there has been change magnitude attention that has been paid on the environment and therefore the company has been adjusting its operation in order to come up with policies that are expected to give resp ect to the environment. The company has been implementing several eco programs that are aimed at firing with the demands on the changes in the

Dangerous Driving Habits Essay Example for Free

sober Driving Habits EssayDriving a car is a lot of fun and the danger is frequently overlooked by realityy. With the dangers r arly being taken into consideration the effects are noniced and matt-up on a daily basis in our society. People fail to realize that driving requires completely five senses. Many people are too confident, near preoc formied, and the most dangerous of all in all is non being in the mighty state of mind. Many of to sidereal days codrs have dangerous habits some good and some bad in the end they are all dangerous habits that affect us all. Many of us begin driving very cautiously and soon feel invulnerable on the street. People tend to feel as if they know it all and take their luck for granted speckle endangering the lives of others. Cars now a day can go much faster than the law permits us to go. For eccentric my father has a Chevrolet Corvette with a heavy foot, he says I am the kind of the road and feels a sense of enjoyment when he is going faster than everyone else. His excuse is never being in a car accident. My sister on the other uses her knee magical spell driving in the city and on the highwayLets just say for a second a tire blows and opus driving with her knee she does not have enough time to grab the wheel causing her to withdraw control ending in a major car accident. Maybe the switch of all is win over yourself a gift belt is not necessary simply because you are too good of a driver. I felt as if I knew it all and there was no need for a seat belt needless to say it remedyd my life. Everyday distractions take away a lot from a driver and his/her ability to drive well. Cell phones are yet another horrible habit small-arm driving from talking to text messaging.For instance I was on my way to school when the car in front of me slammed on his/her brakes as did I and when looking into my rearview mirror hoping to see if the car rear was going to be able to stop in time all I saw was a girl with both han ds on her phone text messaging someone, I know this because she afterwards confessed it to me. Another women putting on makeup while driving, take my mother for example her philosophy is wherefore do my makeup in the house when it can be done in the car to save time.What she doesnt realize is every time she looks in the mirror to see how her lipstick is coming step up she is putting herself in a very dangerous situation. Yet another is music. Just about everyone listens to the piano tuner as loud as can be while driving. Take for instance and young man ready to change lanes with a car in his blind spot and with his new stereo skilful blast he doesnt hear the horn from the car he just cut take away causing a potentially fatal accident. From cell phones, makeup, and a radio full blast a driver can never be in the fully focused on the road.Yet worst of all a person getting behind the wheel when he/she is not capable of driving. drink and driving is by far the worst habit a perso n can have while driving. Drunk drivers are a menace at every hour of the day, but at darkness their visibility is cut in half making the situation much worse than it already is. deem a young man on his way home from a club in the betimes morning hours while there is a car broken down unable to pull over, because he is impaired he will not be able to react quick enough to exclude the disabled vehicle.Another horrible habit is getting behind the wheel when you are not rested. approximately people do not have a choice as their schedule does not rent them time to sleep enough. Take my father for example on his way home one day with stop and go traffic he dosed off for a second and rear finish the person in front of him. He had no choice to drive but there are things he could have done to wake himself up such as drinking a cup of coffee or eating something before commuting.Driving is dangerous enough and to top it off we all make it worse with our dangerous driving habits. We all need to make better decisions as when to drive, how to drive and when not to drive. It takes a lot of effort to change our driving habits on the road and it will not happen without plenty of discipline and dedication. I have only listed a few yet great habits developed by drivers. If we are driving then we are old enough to know right from wrong and need to make smarter decisions while driving.

Human’s Wisdom from Environment Essay Example for Free

Humans intelligence from Environment EssayThe relationship surrounded by the Bangal tiger Richard parker and Pi Patel is the main focus in the fiction Life of Pi.Their relationship are continually changing and it is the struggle for survival makes them need to change.A vast time ago,human are weaker than zoology as they dont have strong body as animal .They do not have the sharp claws as Richard Parker does to protect themselves. However,as time going on ,human starts to dominate the earth by creating their own technology and weapon to protect themselves.The change of the relationship between Pi and Richard Parker can be seen as how human developed their skill from learning skill from the animals. In the beginning of the surivial adventure,Richard Parker is al ways the one who dominate the boat ,he can walk wherever he likes and to stir Pi to get off the boat because he has a much stronger power than Pi has.However,at the end,Pi is real the one who takes control all over R ichard Parker and force Richard to follow his command.He does it by using the method which our ancestors used out front in history.He used his weapon for attack,turtle shells for defence and his whistles for calling pack to come rescue.This can shows humans wisdom over the animal. The other thing which interested me in this novel is how Pi can fit the new environment so quickly,he losts a lot of thing that we think we need to use in our daily life,he doesnt have a phone,map or anything to guide him the direction or call for help.However,he reverted to the animals ways which his ancestors did before.When he arrived on the island , he started to analyze the environment and realize that the water is acidic there and it is heartbreaking for him to stay there .Also ,he marked down all the animal s rountine.He learned almost habits from Richard Parker and he did the same thing as Richard does.He adapt to become something Richard can used to live with.This prompt me one extrodinary p erson in history which is Darwin.Charles Robert Darwin is an English naturalist.He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors.The thing amaze me is Darwin did the same thing as Pi does,both of them do ledger to record down what they experience and learned.When we looked back to the beginning of the novel, the zebra couldnt adapt because it was injured ,and become the branch animal to dead .Then the orangutan couldnt adapt to the foreign environment so he was eaten by the hyena.Lastly the hyena couldnt adapt to the new threat ,which is the tiger,therefore it get killed by Richard.However, for Pi ,he worked in zoo before so he know some of the animals behavior and thats why he can prepare the protection for himselves first.This show s human can be adaptable to the character as if they have enough knowledge of the environment and animal ,and the knowledge come from the analyze towards animals habit,thats what make huaman on top of the food cha in.Of course,it is not necessary for us to go to an island and learned all those skills because we can learn those skill from our biology book now.We should really thankful for those people who does the research before.Throughout this novel,the author Yann Martel shows us what do we need to adapt through conflict,which can also consecrate to our life.When we have difficulty towards our life,we should not feel panic,instead ,we should keep calm and analyze the problem we have in order to find out the solution for it.

Perception of Organized Crime Essay Example for Free

Perception of organize Crime Essay create crime has been delimitate as illegal acts committed by a illegal disposal or chemical group. The NCIS (2005) described unionised crime as having 4 salient attri stilles (1) organized crime group contains at least three hoi polloi (2) the twist activity the group engages in is ongoing and indefinite in duration (3) the group is motivated by a desire for emolument or power and, (4) the group commits serious whitlow offenses (Lynman Potter, 2007). There argon several(predicate) categories of organized criminal behavior. They include the provision of extramarital services, provision of illicit goods, conspiracy to commit crime, penetration of legitimate business, extortion, and corruption. illicit services are services that legitimate business do non provide. These services include but are not limited to gambling that is illegal, protection rackets, contribute sharking, and prostitution. Illicit goods are in addition not avai lable not available from legitimate businesses. Illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and heroin are examples of illicit goods. Unregistered guns and stolen property are also examples of illicit goods.Conspiracy is an agreement between two or more peck to violate the law. Conspiracy is a vital family of organized criminal behavior. Organized crime members often work together for the purpose of making money. They work together to sell drugs, stolen property, loan sharking, gambling, prostitution and other illegal activities they stick out going on within their memorial tablet.Organized crime organizations have no legal way to spend their profits so they must hide their revenue. They do this by penetrating legal businesses. Many of these crime organizations have businesses such as construction and contractors. Extortion is another category of organized crime. Many organized crime organizations use extortion to infiltrate legitimate businesses. Extortion is the use or jeopard ize use of violence or force to achieve a criminal end (Lynman Potter, 2007). Corruption is also a category of organized crime. Many of these organized crime groups could notflourish if it wasnt for for the aid of pubic and private figures such as police officers, judges, prosecutors, mayors, bankers, attorneys, and elected and appointed officials.Organized crime groups have different hierarchies. There is the standard hierarchy in which there is a single organized crime group which is led by a single powerful individual. These organizations have clearly defined roles, a quick identified chain of command, and a hierarchy that is designed to provide a strong system of familiar discipline. Then there is the regional hierarchy. These hierarchies are tightly controlled groups with strong systems of internal discipline and clearly defined roles and lines of authority.Next theres the clustered hierarchy. This is an organized crime group that involves a number of smaller organized crime groups that coordinate their activities and enterprises. There is also a core group. This is an unstructured group of organized criminal encircled by a larger network of individuals engaged in serious criminal activity. Finally, theres the criminal network. evil networks are loosely organized, highly adaptable, very fluid of networks of individual participants who organize themselves around ongoing criminal enterprise (Lynman Potter, 2007).The perception I had of organized crime is different from what I read in week one. Before this week, I always associated the Mob or the Mafia with organized crime. I think this comes from the movies and video shows that I have watched. I described organized crime as a group of mountain working for a boss to break the law. I thought that there was one head and people reported to him. I did not know that there were different categories of organized crime. I always associated drug trafficking and murder for hire as organized crimes. The reading s have helped me to determine what organized crime really is and who is or can be involved. Before now, I would have never associated corruption or extortion with organized crime.I ultimately believed that this was something that was made up for movies and TV shows such as The Godfather, Scarface, The Sopranos, and The Wire. Before watching The Wire, I and associated Italians with organized crime. The characteristics I believe are associatedwith organized criminal behavior varies. First, all members of the organization are expected to live by a certain set of rules or a code. They should protect the organization and do what is asked of them by the leaders. I thought the characteristics of organized criminal behavior were similar to that of a gang. The people involved in organized crime may not wear a certain food coloring or live in a certain area but they have the same determination in mind. Protect the group by any means necessary. They have to be loyal to the group, do what t hey are told by someone else, and do what it takes to make money or a profit for the group. afterwards this first week of class my views on organized crime has changed drastically. I now have a better understanding of what organized crime is and a more knowledge on organized criminal groups. I can let go of all of the stereotypes I may have had and now understand that organized criminal organizations have one goal in mind, make a profit for the organization no matter if it is financial or political.ReferencesLyman, M., Potter, G. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime. Organized Crime (Fourth ed., pp. 1-38). New York Pearson Education.

Is College Debt To Much Essay Example for Free

Is College Debt To Much EssayEveryone who wants to go to college is often faced with the same situation, how will I pay? Students often go with the options of taking loans, afterwards much consideration and research, research almosttimes based on essays written by authors. Even though Carey and Wilson both address the debt college could put someone in. Wilson provides a more convincing argument due to the fact that he apportions more information on statistics of scholar loans, more information about loans, and an unbiased opinion. onwards you mold a big decision you should always know the risks and benefits. One way to ensure you present a good decision is, if possible look at statistics. In the essays Why Do You turn over Theyre Called For- Profit Colleges? by Kevin Carey and A Lifetime Of Student Debt? Not Likely by robin Wilson they both take different approaches to using statistics about schoolchild loan debt in their writing. Carey does not give any statistics ma king his oblige harder to understand and his material credibility questionable. Carey states that, The University Of Phoenix is on pace to pull certify $4 billion from federal loans (Carey 216).This is one of the only times in his oblige Carey mentions how much colleges make from loans. He then says Unfortunately, a large and growing number of ammonia alums of for-profit colleges are having trouble paying those loans back (Carey 216). Although Carey says its a large number of graduates that have trouble paying loans back he does not show any statistics to confirm it, which makes his information questionable. On the other hand Wilson uses an abundance of statistics in his article which makes the article easy to understand and a trustworthy source. According to Wilson, Of the 65 percent who face debt, the norm they owe is around $20,00Andrews 2(Wilson 257). Wilson also gives statistics on the amount of debt difference between undergraduate and graduate degrees, and public and pr ivate schoolsgraduates. Just the uses of Wilsons statistics makes me realize that debt is a manageable and wouldnt overwhelm my life. The next battery-acid that really set these two essays apart was the amount of information given about loans. In Careys article he gives very little information about loans in general. He really on the button implies that students taking large loans are what are making for-profit colleges so profitable. He fails to give us information about why loans are needed, and what loans allow people to do. Unlike Wilson who again gives us plenty of material to see the pros and cons of loans. Wilson covers topics like interest rates, and borrowing risks.He also includes stories from peoples real life describing their personal success and struggles with student debt. These personal stories really helped me connect with Wilsons article and understand the pros of taking loans. The last point that set these essays apart was the amount of bias in the articles. I fe lt Careys article was extremely biased towards one man named Michal Clifford. It shows Clifford as almost a monster. Carey says, Entrepreneurs like Clifford, meanwhile, have been snapping up dying nonprofit colleges and quickly turning them into money making machines (Carey 216). I on the other hand do not think its Clifford fault.He is just doing his job, and it seems hes doing a very good job at it. One way or another the student has to pay for college and its going to be fairly expensive in this day and age, and I touch sensation like Carey is just trying to put the blame on someone. Although Wilson acknowledges that there are some problems with students loans and some people will have a difficult time paying them back, I think he wrote a very fair and unbiased essay.Andrews 3There are always two sides to all(prenominal) story and multiple ways of looking at things, as shown in these two essays both discussing student loan debt. Although these essays both challenged my mind and gave me new insight on student loan debt, I image Wilsons essay was much more to the point. Also he included so much more in depth information that made the article interesting ,knowledgeable, and meaningful.

Health care Lecture Essay Example for Free

Health c are Lecture EssaySummaryDr. Curtis lecture was bingle of healthcare and how it relates to his profession, chiropractic medicine. He withal hit on health in general and medications. Dr. Curtis started rather quite abruptly with his self helping theories as to what he does as a profession and also what early(a) medical fields are doing to help him become rich, yet keep the healthcare level of the fall in States down to the lower levels it has been hovering at for years. This may be in direct contradiction to the fact that correct though the United States only has three percent of the worlds population, it tranquilize consumes more than half of the drugs produced in the world. What does this specialise the reader? Dr. Curtis explained that a lot of these drugs are non necessityed, and in fact have actually go against the patients.As proof, he stated some startling facts from the American daybook of Medicine and the New England Journal of Medicine, perhaps the t wo top most medical specific journals in the world. Some of these facts included that star coulomb and sox thousand state die every year from properly proscribed drugs. Per year, there are sevener thousand medical errors resulting in someone dying. One point five million people have Introgenic diseases, or physician caused diseases. It is estimated that the United States as a whole is spending seventy seven billion dollars a year fixing these problems. These indeed are very troublesome statistics.Dr. Curtis also goes on to explain that the reason why the United States continues to spend excess amounts of money for drugs and procedures they do not need is because of mainly one thing, advertising. Billions of dollars are spent on advertising for drugs every year. Over one hundred and thirtytwo dollars were spent last years on advertising alone. Often companies give kickbacks same(p) trips or bonuses to doctors that proscribe a certain number prescriptions of a specific drug. This practice, which should be illegal, is what is known as Off Label Promoting. The United States populace continues to believe advertising of drugs. The advertisements dont tell the truth most of the time.For example, twenty percent of antibiotic prescriptions are useless. What is bad is that when people take unneeded antibiotics, they raise their immunity to them, and they ordain not work next time, or people will have to up the dosage to irritate it to work. This is extremely bad for health reasons, considering that if patients were to mix two or more drugs, there is an octettey eight percent change of adverse side effects, even more illness and injury.The Food and Drug disposition Agency is not helping matters either. The practice of rushing promising drugs like Fen-Fen to the market without proper quantify tests has added to the health problems of the United States. Dr. Curtis is not maxim do not go to the doctor, he is just apothegm to make sure you are doing the correct thing, which included getting second opinions, and doing your own research on drugs and what they can and cannot sincerely do. Sometimes Doctors can not be trusted because of the one hundred and cardinal drugs labeled by the FDA as do not use, people still proscribe them. With only a selection of twenty three out of those one hundred and sixty drugs, there are still one hundred million prescriptions worldness filled. These are drugs known to do harm, and they are still being prescribed. One must be vigilant in his own healthcare is the message of the day.ReflectionsAt outset I didnt even know what Dr. Curtis was a doctor in, however due to time constraints I infer that the normal introduction and background speech has to be cut. I have listened to many doctors speak and lecture, not nearly enough as professors and other professionals of course, but enough to know that normally there is at least five minutes of talking about oneself before the actual lecture begins. Also, he be ing young did not add to me actually listening to his opinions that well. However, Dr. Curtis did notgive many opinions and his statements were backed up quite well and documented quite nicely as well. He obviously put in the needed time to prepare the lecture. Time constraints not only cut up his lecture, but also his speech pattern as well.Normally lectures should be flowing, his statements were extremely choppy. He states many things that were actually move to me. Not the fact of advertising, I already knew that, but I didnt realize the actual statistics of these healthcare problems, and that a lot were caused by those in the healthcare field. His explanations as to how his field fitted into his lecture were actually quite clear to understand. The fact that stress messes up your nervous system, which in turns messes up the stay of you, is basically what he was saying without stating his words verbatim.He explains that even though the United States is third best in the world in what we eat, we still have one of the lowest life expectancies. I enjoyed his explanation as to how posture really controls a lot of health problems. He explains that proper diet, mental attitude, exercise, a non-stressed nervous system, and plenty of rest and relaxation are the keys to keeping the body as self healing as it is designed to do. boilersuit I enjoyed the lecture and learned quite a lot out of it.

Einstein- Rosen Essay Example for Free

Einstein- Rosen Essay concord to physicists worm holes which argon too referred to as bridge of Einstein- Rosen argon space time topological features that primarily nominate shortcut through time and space. A wormhole has a minimum of two mouths linked together by a case-by-case throat. Matter travels from mouth to mouth through the connecting throat. Wormholes that are intra universe links locations universe, by simply bending the space time and by allowing travel between different locations of the universe at a faster rate than light could take in order to cover the same outperform through the normal space (McElwee, Para 2). Wormhole theory has been proven through the use of radio set waves which are capable of detecting the wormholes. The white hole theory helps to explain the wormhole theory. The white hole is opposite of the blackamoor hole, whereas the black hole eats liaison up the white hole splits it up. The wormhole acts like a delve that connects the black h ole to the white hole. Since the human beings of black holes and white holes is proven by use of radio waves to detect them, then the wormholes also exists to link them through a tunnel (Sexton, Para 4).The wormholes are also comm just referred to as Schwarzschild wormholes they are bridges which are merely theoretical between space areas that are speculated to be in between the white holes and the black holes linking two universes. They only exists in equations especially those of Einstein. consort to the equations the wormholes are found to be very unstable and would in fact fall instantly, the moment they are created. Other speculation also exists explaining that quasars are in fact white holes and not black holes which are super massive (McElwee, Para 5).It is not possible for the wormholes to exist since it is in fact unworkable for a traveler to pass through the wormholes since it is not possible to pass a horizon in single direction. If non exotic matter form the traveler, then the moment they reach at the middle of the wormhole then it is impossible to leave through the other side and again it is not possible to leave using the submission route since the entry side must have been a black hole, this therefore, means that nothing crapper manage to escape at a time it has entered into the radius of the Schwarzschild.Thus the wormholes do not exist and are only a fiction feature and they can only be proven by theories with no concrete to prove their existence (Sexton, Para 5). Black holes are basically deformation of the continuum of space time that appears once there is an explosion of a star in the scale of supernova with its remains becoming the black holes and neutron of stars. The gravitative force pulling the black holes is very powerful and cannot fifty-fifty be withstood by thousands of suns masses. The white holes on the other hand are opposite to the black holes.Their work is to split matter into smaller pieces instead of eating as it is the case for the black holes (McElwee, Para 7). Theoretically the white holes are reverse to the black holes their being is implied by a solution of square root which is taken to be negative of the metric to the Schwarzschild. This metric is basically based on the time symmetry of general relativity. This implies that the surmount definitions of white holes which can be taken to be technical are primarily black holes speed in the reverse direction.This is location of space time which is not possible to reach instead of failing to escape (Kruglinski, Para 6). Conclusion The wormholes, black and white holes can only be explained theoretically even though it is possible to detect them by use of radio waves. Their existence therefore, remains theoretical as it is not supported by substantial practical evidence. But this cannot be taken to mean that they do not exist since more research work is being carried out and may be their existence might soon be revealed practically. Work cite dKruglinski, Susan Discover Interview the Man Who Imagined Wormholes and Schooled Hawking (2007) Retrieved on tertiary June 2009 from, http//discovermagazine. com/2007/nov/the-man-who-imagined-wormholes-and-schooled-hawking/article_view? b_startint=2-C=. McElwee, Jim Do wormholes exist? (2005) Retrieved on 3rd June 2009 from, http//www. unexplainable. net/artman/publish/article_2145. shtml. Sexton, Timothy Do Wormholes Really survive? (2009) Retrieved on 3rd June 2009 from, http//www. associatedcontent. com/article/1453128/do_wormholes_really_exist. html.

ICRC and onternational law Essay Example for Free

ICRC and onter topic law EssayThe ICRC started when Swiss businessman Henri Dunant traveled to Italy to meet with Emperor Napoleon terzetto of France . Before he reached Napoleon he first passed through the town of Solferino where a fight was fought. On that day over 40,000 soliders on both sides fell many were left to die on the battlefield without adequate care. heat content Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle. Instead of proceeding with his intend trip he spent the next few days tending to the wounded. Through his example, the local universe began to administer aid without discrimination.When he returned home, he wrote a book called A Memory of Solferino. He send copies of the book to political and military leaders throughout Europe . He advocated the formation of a national voluntary relief organization to help nurse the wounded and for the development of supranational treaties to safeguard the disinterest and protect those wounded on the battlefi eld. By February 9, 1863, Henry Dunant founded the Committee of the Five as an investigatory accusation of the geneva Society for Public Welfare.Their aim was to examine the feasibility of Dunants ideas and to organize an international league about their possible implementation. In October 26, 1863, the international conference organized by the Committee was held in geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. A conference attended by many European states resolved the following The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers. Neutrality and fortress for those wounded. Utilizing volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield.The organization of additional conferences to en trifle these concepts in reasonedly cover international treaties. The introduction of a common distinctive protective symbol for medical personnel in the field, specifically a white armlet bearing the red cross. Within a year, specific cubic ya rd were developed for the recognition of a national relief society by the International Committee viz. The national society must be recognized by its own national government as a relief society according to the convention, and the national government of the respective country must be a state party to the Geneva Convention.The Commissions first great achievement occurred on 22 August 1864 when the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the infirmened in the Armies in the field. A total of four Geneva Conventions deal been passed since then. With successive conventions aimed an improving or updating previous conventions to ensure that they are up to date with current technology and norms. Today there are 185 national Red Cross societies and over 1,330 employees directly under the ICRC assigned to field operations. either thanks to the initiative of one man. III. ICRC as a Driving Force in IHL The ICRC draws its authority to act pr incipally from the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols. The Geneva Conventions from the First to the Fourth are the primary international treaties that mark the cruelty of war. They are meant to protect people who do not take part in the fighting, such(prenominal) as civilians, medics and aid workers. They also protect hors de combat or those who no longer have the centre to continue fighting such as the wounded, sick, shipwrecked or those who have surrendered.The Geneva Conventions have been acceded to by 194 States and enrapture universal acceptance as a form of custom. The Geneva Conventions then are the primary documents brass International Humanitarian Law and the main overseer of International Humanitarian Law is the ICRC. However, the provisions of the testify Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the auspices of civilian persons and for their relief2.Article 10 is of considerable value in the field of international law beca purpose set about with the barbaric reality of war, the law continues to be realistic and humane. It keeps in mind the object of the Convention, namely the resistance of human life and peace between man and man, conscious that it is only a means. (a ridiculously weak means compared to the forces of war) of attaining this goal.When everything has been settled by legal means ordinary and extraordinaryby assigning rights and duties, by debt instruments laid upon the belligerents and by the mission of the protecting powers, a corner was still found for something which no legal text can prescribe. However this niche was the most effective means of combating war. That niche is charity or the spirit of peace. This is where Article 10s symbolic value can be seen. Through it, Henry Dunants action on the field of battle in Solferino.Article 10 is more than a tribute to Henry Dunant. It is an invitation to all men of good will to continue his work3. In order for the ICRC and subsidiary National Commissions to effectively perform their role, members are granted considerable rights and privileges. For example, all Red Cross members have the right to wear the Red Cross, (or crescent in Muslim States). Wearing this mark affords immunity, for all possible purposes from violence by the combatants because, as outlined in Additional Protocol No.1 of the Geneva Conventions4 the Red Cross is the mark associating a vehicle, person or building with the ICRC and is sacrosanct and protected5. However, any use not expressly authorized by International Humanitarian Law constitutes misuse of the emblem and releases combatants from the obligation to respect the symbol. The types of misuse are Imitation, Usurpation and Perfidy. In fact, Improper use of distinctive emblems in a war crime committed when, in an international armed conflict, an intent to use them for combatant purposes forbid under international law6.Owing to the ICRCs unique position as the actual commission that proposes and puts aside the Geneva Conventions and other major IHL documents, it can be said that ICRC is the Organization that created IHL. The latter will of cut continue to develop as time goes by. Other documents of international law respecting human rights and with respect to international crimes have evolved since then. But International Humanitarian Law began with Henry Dunant and his desire to help the wounded in Solferino.

Perception Towards Successful Brand Essay Example for Free

Perception Towards Successful Brand EssayRev. of mental synthesis Brands Without Mass Media. Joachimsthaler, Erich, and David A. Aaker. Harvard Business Review 3 March 2009 4-6. Print. In this article, the authors emphasize that a company essential have a clear bell ringer identity with depth and texture so it will not convey confuse messages to customers. Also, they provide some marketing strategies for the brands to set up a clear and impressive brand identity.Besides, they illustrate six companies that have a strong and clear brand identity in which The embody Shop and Haggen-Dazs are examined in detail. Apart from these, they use various examples to demonstrate the operations of The Body Shop and Haggen-Dazs. Last but not least, they have compared The Body Shop and Haggen-Dazs with their competitors. Lastly, they discuss the advertising methods of Haggen-Dazs in which they think the Farggi dodge that deal confuse the customers the most. (Melanie)Hartman, Cathy L., and Caryn L. Beck-Dudley. Marketing Strategies and the Search for Virtue A Case abstract of The Body Shop, International. Journal of Business Ethics 20.3 (1999) 253-257. Print. In this journal, the authors use some historical examples to discuss iii organizational virtuesexcellence, integrity and judgment in which they think that the virtues are now defined and extended to community, social rank and holism.Most importantly, they believe that the virtues are now widely applied in the companies. However, they agree with the researchers that it is difficult to contemplate the concept of community. Besides, they use the founder of The Body ShopAnita Roddick as the main example to illustrate the virtues can be utilized in a big company in multifarious aspects. (Melanie)Salver, Jessica. Brand steering in the Hotel Industry and its Potential for Achieving Customer Loyalty. Germany GRIN Verlag, 2009. Print. In this book, the author mainly discusses some harvest-home requirements for a bra nd to become successful.Although it is not her intention to suggest that a brand will not become successful without the listed requirements, she examines numerous factors that can build up a successful brand in detail, such as high and polariated demand for harvest-festival class, the product is easy to identify and product quality is easy to maintain. Also, she has used The Body Shop and McDonald as the examples to explain her factors in detail. Besides, she believes that if the brand offers a reasonable price for the customers, they will certainly buy the products.Rev. of Starbucks De wearring Customer Service. Moon, Youngme, and John Quelch. Harvard Business Review 10 July 2006 3-4. Print. In this book, the authors have used Starbucks as an example to evaluate the value proposition and they use live coffee to describe the national coffee culture of it. Also, they use three components to illustrate the branding strategy of it.For example, it imports the best coffee beans from th e world, develops a close intimacy with the customer and creates a good atmosphere. Besides, they discuss the locations of the Starbucks in which they are usually located in high-traffic and high-visibility places, such as commercial centers and universities. In addition, they investigate different products and the welfares of the employees in the Starbucks.Adubato, Steve. You Are the Brand. Canada Rutgers University Press, 2011. Print.In this book, the author uses his personal experience to show Starbucks is not an accidental brand and it does not really keep a connection with customers. However, he agrees that Starbucks has built on comfortable and old(prenominal) for him in the end of the chapter.Besides, he believes Starbucks reputations are built on the word of mouth from the customers and excellent work from the employees. In addition, he has cited the book from the original chairman and CEO of Starbucks to demonstrate the objectives of the company and the reasons that it st arts to lose customers. Lastly, although he laments the Starbucks has become more commercial, he still enjoys his leisure time in it.

Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Information Technology EssayWrite a 200- to 300-word short-answer response to the following How is discipline used in the ultramodern enterprise? How does this use affect IT systems?Information technology has become bed covering widely throughout our society. We live in a modern world with Internet glide slope from our home, degenerate food chains, offices, schools and on our mobile devices, such as iPhones, iPods, Blackberries and Android Phones. Nowadays, the use of internet became essential to pass by distantly and the use of social medias for interactions as well as businesses through online marketing or early(a) called as the e-commerce. The rapid advancement of this system has elevated the importance of the IT function. Information technology in the modern enterprise has developed gradually from a back-office component to a most important operational component part that could improve businesses performances and increases shareholders value. Enterprises such as mark eting, sales and finance are now cooperated by reading technology.The affection success of an organization is information technology because it serves daily operational support and enables enterprise wide change. Since information technology is essential in a modern enterprise it is sometimes serve as a threat in todays organization. One of the examples is the personal information which can be move through the use of systems and it can be a threat if this information consolidated from banks and accounts pertaining to financial aspects. In these cases, applying triad could be helpful that is Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. The protection of the information from disclosure to unauthorized users is confidentiality while unity refers to protecting information from being modified by unauthorized users. Ensuring that authorized users are able to access the information when needed is availability.

Jails and Prisons Essay Example for Free

Jails and Prisons EssayJails and prisons argon both types of sanctions that are used for convicted offenders that concord committed crimes, but there are many differences in the two. Jails are local anaestheticly operated short- term project facilities origin every(prenominal)y built to hold suspects following arrest and pending trail. To daylights jails similarly dish up these purposes * They receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trail, conviction or sentencing. * They readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders. * They temporarily detain juveniles, the ment exclusivelyy ill, and others pending transfer to appropriate facilities. * They hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses. * They release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of their sentence. * They transfer inmates to federal, verbalise, or other authorities. * They signaling inmates for fede ral, state or other authorities because of overcrowding in their facilities.* They operate community-based programs with day reporting, home(a) detention, electronic monitoring, or other types of supervision. * They hold inmates sentenced to short terms (generally less than one year) (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 486). But when it comes cumulation to giving a description of prisons on the other hand are not quite as detailed. The primary function of prisons is to hold convicted felons, normally serving a sentence of one year or more, whereas convicted felons serving shorter sentences usually serve their conviction in local jails. Inmates consider jail sentences very unspoken time, since jails do not switch the full range of education, vocational training, work, recreational, or other treatment programs that part available in prisons. Since prisons are designed to hold inmates for longer terms they need to provide a full range of programs, both for rehabilitative purposes and to nu triment inmates productively busy (Seiter, 2011, p. 140).The funding for county jails come from the local county from which the jail is in, they charge the cities a fee for housing their inmates. For example the jail that is local to me here house inmates from surrounding cities which in turn pay them which helps to pay the county employees as well as the up keep of the county jail. State jails funding comes from the state in which it is in some state jails are contracted out(p) to the prison to ease overcrowding in the prison systems. Therefore it leads to the state giving those funds that would have got commonly been given to the prisons. State prison funds also come from people paying their state taxes and when state taxes are charged on a purchase. Federal prisons are funded by the federal government and also by the federal taxes. There are more types of prisons than there are jails, because the offenders spend a fine bit momore time more time here than at jails in some situ ations.Maximum gage prisons are for the most dangerous offenders who are kept in their cells for approximately 23 hours a day and get only one hour a day out of their cell for recreation. Medium warrantor prisons are mostly dormitories that have a double fence around the perimeter. They also have the free radical toilet and sink on the dormitory. Minimum security has mostly dormitories also which has either a case-by-case perimeter fence or no fence around them. These dormitories are equipped with showers, toilets, and sinks. There is usually one officer delegate to these dormitories that house about 150 or 160 offenders that are assigned here to live. The majority of the inmates that are assigned to these types of units usually have offenders that are getting ready to go home in less than a year or less. Prisons comes in all different shapes and sizes it all depends upon what types of inmates that they are housing in these particular units.If the prison house mostly maximal se curity offenders wherefore it will be one of the larger units that have a lot of cellblocks on them because all of these inmates have to be single celled and situated in a single yard when it comes time for recreation. These units are usually the large ones that will hold anywhere from 2000 offenders up to 2500 offenders. Where on the other hand if the offenders that are placed on a unit are medium security offenders then the unit does not have to be so large it could be about 800 offenders all the way up to 1100 offenders because they are all on dorms.This is one of the units that will be set up to have nothing but dorms inwardly the perimeter fence, there will be no cellblocks and not as many staff members would be needed as with the maximum security unit. Minimum security are basically where there are very few officers needed for security because most of these offenders are ones that are getting ready to go home in a year or less and just want to do their time and get out soon er or later. These units capacity levels are usually around 2000 offenders no more than about 2200 capacity being that they have a little bit more freedom than the maximum or medium security offenders.Reference PageSeiter, R., (2011) Corrections an introduction (3rd ed).Pearson Prentice- Hall, Upper Saddle River, modernistic Jersey.May, D., Minor, K., Ruddell, R., and Matthews, B., (2008) Corrections and the Criminal Justice System. Jones and Barlett Publishers, Inc.Schmalleger, F., (2009) Criminal Justice Today(10th ed). Pearson Prentice- Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Development of an inventory management system

Development of an strain centeringing transcription baseThis project is on the see and memorialiseing of an entry every(prenominal) everywheresight constitution which is comp geniusnt smash of the supply- compass Management. This strategy entrust attempt to solve issues with current origin solicitude organisations in order to give headachees a ruin competitive edge.The literature review leave provide a flesh out overview ab come in size up c ar why vexation need to manage their memorandum, benefits and objectives of enrolment precaution and best approach shot pattern in register counsel. It will go on to further discuss what record solicitude ashes is all to the highest degree, a detailed ex platformation of the benefits, future of roll management dusts and talk about success of catalogue management system.In the review, various factors for implementing economical behave-taking management systems were tendencyed in order to understand fully how to design and develop a softw atomic number 18 consequence for a company that would provide the best go and effectual solution to their current problems. The report similarly discussed some challenges faced by approximately line management system in providing businesses with an effective solution.As part of the literature review, a case study was carried out on Sahad Stores, a distri plainlyion company in Nigeria and a detailed investigation into their existing system was accomplished highlighting the problems of the current system. Based on knowledge gained from the literature review, a proposed solution was presented to sever the issues with the companys current system of stemma management. stock-take MANAGEMENTAn memorial is basically a detailed list of all the full points in derivation. pedigree consists of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods. In todays highly competitive market, businesses need to swear an appropriate level of stock to meet the customer brings at any time. Inventory management is part of the supply chain management.Over the past years, the concept of supply chain management SCM has been given a consider fitted attention. This is an orgasm to view the supply chain as a whole rather than as a set of separate processes (Weele, 2002). Mentzer, Dewitt, Keebler, Min, Nix, Smith and Zacharia defined Supply chain management SCM as the doctrinal and strategic coordination of the traditional business operations. The main(prenominal) aim of supply chain management SCM is to emend the wide term performance of each firm as sound as the whole supply chain (Mentzer, Dewitt, Keebler, Min, Nix, Smith and Zacharia, 2001). Inventory management involves system and processes of maintaining the appropriate level of stock in a w arho physical exertion (Barcodes, 2010). These activities includes calling necessary stocktaking demandments, and creating substitution processes, tracking and monitoring the usage of ev ents/stock, reconciling arsenal balances as considerably as reporting stock status.(Barcodes , 2010). It is basically the process of streamlinedly curtailling the keep down of stock in order to avoid excess gillyflower. Reliable catalogue management will therefore minimise the approach associated with list (Barcodes, 2010).Inventory management involves a wide scope of processes ranging from blood line forebode , replenishment, demand forecasting as salutary as quality management (Wikipedia, 2009).Objectives and benefits of stock-take managementAccording to Stylus Systems, The 3 main objectives in inventory management atomic number 18 (Stylus, 2008)To reduce inventory investiture or comprise which is one of the some important goals of any business. Balancing the woo of retention inventory with the benefits gained from it is vital to the successes of an government activityTo provide improved customer satisfactionTo increase gross revenue and profits realised fro m effective inventory management which therefore improve overall business intersectionivityBenefits of inventory managementIn a report by Stylus, he highlighted the following as some of the benefits of inventory management (Stylus, 2008)Inventory management systems disregard patron reduce the time to respond to changing market demand of harvest-times and sewer overhaul control excess stockIMS provide a means for business to in effect manage or control their inventoryIMS helps businesses to constantly analyse their business processes such as sales and buy in order to make efficient inventory decisionsStylus systems also reported that inventory management systems IMS ordure provide total insight on stock transactionsStylus systems also utter that IMS nates provide give on knowledge on inventory which might lead to increased sales and efficient customer services.Development in inventory managementPresently, there are two major(ip) approaches to inventory managementMaterials requirement planning (MRP) MRP is simply a management system in which sales are converted into loads by sub-unit and time. In this system, orders are scheduled to a greater extent closely thereby reducing inventory and making delivery times shorter and more predictable (Hedrick, 2003). MPR review order quantities sporadically and as such allow rules of order only what is currently needed. This helps keep inventory levels very low.Just-in-Time (JIT) JIT approach come acrosss that a business should only keep inventory in the mightily meter at the amend time with the right quality (David, 2004) .Most organizations adapt to this system to coalesce inventory management for a more competitive advantage (Kaynak, 2005). It eliminates inventories rather than optimize them.Why keep InventoryInventory refers to a detailed list of all the points in store or wareho lend oneself. According to Inman, Inventory refers to the percentage points that are stored in warehouses or distribution centres in excess of what the store needs (Inman, 2010).The following are the reason why business keeps more inventory than they currently need (Inventory Management, 2010).Meet Demand this ensures that customers get the product or item that they want when they want it. Keep Operations running When for example shapers run out of stock to fabrication certain product, the whole production process or operations will be halted and thus manufacture of the finished product. In order to prevent this, most manufacturers purchase excess inventory.Lead time When a shop or a factory places an order for a particular item, the period of time among the order placements and when the order is received is known as lead time. Business therefore should have hands on inventory during the lead time in order to keep its operations running.Hedge This involves safekeeping inventory against inflation in bell of products. This allows the buyer to buy at a lower price than when the price increases.Quantit y Discount Quantity discount refers to reduction in price of an item when purchase in spate. This al guidances influences most businesses to buy more than it needs which might lead to excess inventory.Smoothing Requirements businesses sometimes acquire access inventory for products that have unpredictable demands in order to meet demand.According to Edwars property (Silver, 2008), inventory management involves knowing the following QuestionsThe size of replenishment order that will be postulateThe time this order will be placedAnd finally how frequent inventory records should be analysed out duplicate practice in inventory managementIn an effort to maximise their return on investiture (ROI) and avoid excess inventory, legion(predicate) businesses invest a fortune in inventory management systems.In a report by Philip woodlouse (Slater, 2009), he stated that most of these systems fails to render expected services and rather pull up stakes in excess inventory. This is be pass wa ter software product can only optimise the values it has and non what it could be and as a result, it neglects some important external influences like changes in the management process. He stated that Worlds best practice inventory management demands that the inventory management system is optimised not alone the inventory. Inventory management therefore goes beyond software system and as stated by Philip Slater (Slater, 2009) inventory management involves combination of know-how, process and reporting that collectively provide a means of increase availability while minimizing cash investment. In the report, he stated five level of worlds best practice inventory management that when fully implemented, can enable businesses to reduce their inventory investment or monetary value. These levels areAd Hoc this level require less control as inventory is expensed when purchased on an as needed basis and utilise immediately.Storage this level involves the storage of items for use and n ot strictly controlled. Here, inventory is expensed when purchased. This approach tends to increase total expenditure as items are purchased in economic quantities and discourage review and development due to lack of controlCapitalisation This approach entails the use of software solution to control inventory and provide good availability. Unfortunately, most businesses use their software loosely for counting and accounting.Software Optimisation at this level, inventory is capitalised and the levels of stock are optimised based on a risk/return algorithm. Software solution can automatically adjust stock levels based on the history of demand and supply but these level are not trusted by most business because they believe the supply and demand may not represent demonstrable usageSystem Optimisation At this level, all factors influencing inventory investment are reviewed periodically. The main purpose of inventory management is to minimise overall cash investment without increasing risk. This according to Philip Slater is the worlds best practice in inventory management (Slater, 2009).Capitalisation and system optimisation goes hand-in-hand. For an effective system, the management is therefore required to possess the know-how, measures, policy development, and reporting required to share the business to level 5 (System Optimization) and not just the software alone(Slater, 2009).INVENTORY CONTROLAccording to business link in an article, an organisation has an efficient inventory control only when they have the right amount of stock in the right place and at the right time (Business link, 2006). Inefficient Inventory control can leads slower sales and disappointed customers.Inventory control basically deals with reducing the total cost of inventory. Inventory control is very relevant for businesses, especially businesses dealing with a large variety of products. As site by Hossein Arsham, Inventory management or control can be employ to streamline warehouse p rocesses in order to track orders and shipment (Arsham, 2006). Other important applications of inventory management systems are in manufacturing, shipping, and receiving. As stated by Arsham, there are three main factors in inventory control decision making process (Arsham, 2006).The cost of holding the stock this is the cost associated carrying inventory over time and involves having items in storage. This includes interest, taxes, insurance, spoilage, breakage and warehousing cost like light, rent.The cost of placing an order this is the cost of ordering and receiving inventory which include shipping cost, preparing invoices, determine how much is needed and moving goods.The cost of shortage this cost involves what is lost if the stock is insufficient to meet all demand. This normally happens when demand exceeds the supply of inventory on hand.MerchantOS argued that the easiest way of life to manage inventory is with a computer inventory management system (Merchant, 2010). The sy stems below help to reduce the time spent in managing inventoryPoint-of-sale terminals this system updates stock level automatically and provide a more error free sales transactionBarcodes and barcode readers which proved a way to effectively input inventory and stock takes faster into the systemJob costing and inventory systems which are systems that also automatically update stock counts as orders are being make.Electronic Supplier product catalogs allows the use of electronic devices like CD/DVDs to record inventory data.These systems ensure accurate inventory records by dint of the use of electronic and wireless technologies that provide error free data. These systems are very efficient in that theyKeep only up-to-date records of items and remove all sold items from the systemIt is possible to Review stock reports periodically to check the products status and identify low demand products.Periodically check record to ensure the level of accuracy of the system and to check agains t physical stock quantities.Methods of Inventory ControlThere are some(prenominal) method of inventory control which include (Hedrick, 2010)Visual control this is apply to determine if surplus inventory is required through visual examination. This method is mostly use in small businesses and may not require any records.Tickler control this is the physical counting of small portion of the inventory on a regular basis.Click Sheet Control this involves the recording of items as they are used on a sheet of paper and used for reorder purposesStub control mostly used by retailers and allow managers have certain control of prices.Today, the growth of businesses has provided a necessity to develop a more complicated and highly analytical form of inventory management. The above inventory management systems became demanding and inefficient. As a result, computer systems to control inventory was introduced. These systems includePoint-of-sale terminals this stores information of each item t hat is used or sold.Off-line point-of-sale terminals this pass arounds sales information directly to the suppliers computer system. The supplier thusly uses this information to ship necessary items automatically to the retailersThe last method for inventory control is carried out by an external agency. As sited by Floyd Hedrick, it involves removal of unwanted products from stock which can be returned to the manufacture. This however has to go on after an agreement and frequent scheduled visit by the manufacturers representative to the large retailer in order to record stock count and writes the reorder (Hedrick, 2010).The main aim of the above systems was to provide a more efficient system that will be able to identify the cost of each inventory (Hedrick, 2010). According to the report, two main control values are usedThe Economic order quantity (EOQ) that is the size of the orderThe reorder point which is the lowest quantity that a stock or an item can be before more quantity i s ordered.The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is a recipe that is used mainly for calculating the annual cost for ordering an item. It is widely used by most businesses and involves the actual cost of placing an order, the cost of carrying inventory as well as the annual sales rate. (Hedrick, 2010).INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSAn Inventory management system is a system that automates all the processes involved in inventory management. These system are a vital part of any successful business and is basically used to efficiently track inventory using both hardware and software withalls. The qualitys of inventory tracked with an inventory management system includes almost any type of quantifiable products like clothing, household products, regimen, as well as equipment (Barcodes inc, 2010 ). These inventory management systems can influence the overall readiness of a companys performance resulting in profits. An overview of the whole system is as shown in the diagram belowThe diagram above show an over view of the whole inventory management system indication how numerous branches. It shows how the inventory management system manages inventory, sales as well as Employee information.Through the end of 1980s, sales and accounting related modules were the main focus of majority of software solution for retailer, manufacturers, and wholesalers. During the early 1990s, many another(prenominal) distributors began to notice the relevance of an effective way of controlling and managing their largest investment of corporate assets which is inventory. This lead to the development of comprehensive inventory management modules and systems by several software companies (Schreibfeder, 2009).Presently, many businesses rely on modern inventory management systems to automate and integrate all lookings their business operations from order management, shipping management, billing systems, to inventory control all in one software package (Schreibfeder, 2009).Tim Cosby reported tha t, inventory management systems must have ability to track sales and availability, communicate with suppliers in near real-time and receive and incorporate other data like seasonal worker demand (Cosby, 2007). This means that the system must tell the storeowner for example when its stock level is low so as to reorder and how much to purchase.Information technology provided a way to convert sales and purchasing into a strategic business operation. Businesses now are faced with the challenge of finding out how to use these technologies to gain value and competitive advantage. Inventory management system can deliver these advantages (Stylus Systems, 2008).Modern inventory management systems now depend on barcodes, and potentially RFID systems to enable automatic identification of objects. According to a case study at Wal-Mart, for products selling among 1 and 15 units a day, RFID was able to trim back Out of Stocks by up to 30% (Mathieu, 2007).In order to record an inventory transact ion accurately, the inventory management system uses abarcode scanneror RFID reader to identify products automatically, and then collects additional information on the specific product from the operators via fixedwireless terminals, or mobile computers (Mathieu, 2007). Mathieu defined RFID (RadioFrequencyIdentification) as a data collection technology that uses electronic tags also known as electronic label to store data and can be used to identify items just like bar codes.The main difference between RFID and bar codes is that RFID uses wireless technology to transmit information into the system and can be inserted within packages and does not have to be close to the scanner. On the other hand, barcodes require line of sight and closure to the scanner for information to be read.As stated by Mathieu, RFID tagged cartons rolling on a conveyer belt can be read many times faster than bar-coded boxes (Mathieu, 2007).Large software companies like IBM, Microsoft, SAP, and Oracle have alre ady intentional effective inventory management systems for large businesses. These software solutions cost thousands to millions of dollars. They have now turned to focus on smaller businesses. nigh of the popular inventory (supply chain) management systems produced by Microsoft include Great Plains and Solomon, which are now joined together and called Microsoft Dynamics GP (Quittner, 2008).Implementing effective inventory management systemsInventory management is very relevant for todays businesses in order to ensure quality control in businesses which presently is centred mostly on customer satisfaction. Inefficient inventory control or management can therefore cause customer dissatisfaction when they run out of stock of an item the customer needs. In order to avoid this, most businesses are unbidden to invest large amount of money in acquiring an effective and efficient inventory management systems.A good inventory management system will be able to alert the retailer when it i s time to reorder. It is also an important way automatically tracking moving inventory.An efficient inventory management system helps to minimize the risk of error. For example, if a business orders large quantity of goods, and speculate 10,000 are missing. Manual counting each goods is likely to result in error but these errors can be avoided using an automated inventory management system. In retail stores, an inventory management system can also be used to track theft of retail merchandise, providing valuable information about store activities (Schreibfeder, 2009).Inventory management systems must be designed to reflect and support companys strategic plan as well as adapt to market changes due to worldwide marketing or untested technology. It should also provide relevant information to efficiently monitor inventory movements, coordinate and integrate inborn processes like accounting or billing, manage people and equipment and communicate with customers.According to Invatol, inv entory management system must be able to integrate the following processes in order to ensure continuity between functions (Invatol, 2003)Sales Forecasting this requires the system to provide necessary information to coordinate business operations effectively and manage equipment and people. It should allow managers to make accurate and real time decisions.Sales and Operations planning inventory management should control or handle fluctuations in market demands and lead timeCompanys Strategic goals alliance with company strategy is an important aspect of the business and necessary for its success and therefore inventory management should be designed to align with the companys strategic goal and market demand. carrefourion and materials requirement planning inventory system s should provide a balance of demand and supply at a minimised cost, inventory level and work load to achieve customer satisfaction.These processes however vary from business to business depending on how the busi nesses carry out its processes, and on the market demand.Benefits of using Inventory management systemsAs cited by David Essex (Essex, 2009), he stated that the following are some of the advantages that businesses achieve while using inventory management softwareBusinesses get faster return on investment (ROI) which is as a result of lower carrying cost.Inventory software can provide accurate up-to-date information about inventory thereby change sales forecasts.Replenishment Planning. This means that Inventory management software can notify businesses the safest time to defy order without affecting customer satisfaction and cost.It also proved the ability to separate safety stock according to customer satisfaction and profitability.Increased salesIt can also encourage sales mental faculty to promote products without running out of stock by improving inventory visibility (Essex, 2009).Successful Inventory management systemsFor any successful business, inventory management must be a critical aspect of its business. The most important aspect of an efficient inventory management is to achieve accurate data in terms of figures and facts and to implement policies to protect this information (Inventory Management, 2007).A successful inventory management system will provided businesses with proper inventory control that reduces overall operating cost leading to customer satisfaction as well as give a competitive advantage. As sited by Alan Smith, a well-structured inventory management system should be able to adjust to an existing system (Smith, 2009)Success in manufacturing industry entails producing the right products, in the right quantities, at the right time, with good quality, and at a price the customer is willing to pay.Success in the manufacturing industry requires producing the right products, in the right quantities, at the right time, with good quality, and at a price the customer is willing to pay. The flexibility to respond to compliance standards and the ever-changing needs of customers, such as providing real-time visibility into global operations, is also imperative for success. Meeting these demands requires the ability to make loyal decisions based on accurate data.Successful inventory management has to do with balancing the cost of keeping inventory with the benefits gained from inventory. Some of the reasons for inventory management include (Hedrick, 2003)Obtaining lower prices by purchasing products in bulkKeeping stock low just enough to meet demand and avoid excess inventoryMaintaining a wide range of stockIncreasing inventory turnover or return on investmentHaving adequate inventory on hand so as to provide reliable customer servicesHowever, the degree of success in addressing these issues varies within the functionality of inventory as well as the type of business.A successful inventory management system will accelerate the process of tracking and removing from inventory those items that needed by customer. This pro cess minimises the lead-time for order fulfilment (Merchantos, 2010).Ideally, in order to avoid late re-order times, inventory software should be able to adjust the order quantity and delivery lead time to match that of the suppliers performance.Future of Inventory Management SystemsDuring the late 1990s, there was a large amount of businesses investing in integrated order and inventory system which were basically designed to reduce the amount of inventories as well as manage stock level (replenish stock). There were a wide range of system consolidation options based on the business needs and financial ability (Gale Group, 2002).However, these stand-alone systems do not integrate well with each other. In 1996, a study by the International Mass Retail tie-in (IMRA), concluded that stand alone warehouse Management System (WMS) for example which perform only various(prenominal) business operations will become obsolete because of their lack of integration well with other systems (Gal e Group, 2002).Presently, organisations can no longer compete effectively in isolation of their suppliers and other entities. The future success of many businesses depends on the co-ordination and co-operation of efforts, thereby making supply Chain management important. JIT and VMI are the two of the philosophies that have been used to update supply chain relationships and management (David, 2004).The trend now in inventory management is to strives to improve not just specific aspect of the supply chain but system-wide (the entire supply chain) efficiency through automatic replenishment programs (ARPs) like the vendor managed inventory (VMI). In this system, the vendors are responsible for inventory replenishment or restocking of inventory for their retailers. They get retailers warehouse or point of sale information and use it to track retailers inventory thereby placing the whole responsibility for inventory management of the shoulders of the vendors (Gale Group, 2002). Popular A utomatic replenishment programs (ARP) includes continuous replenishment planning (CRP) and vendor managed inventory (VMI). CRP and VMI are similar but differ in the sense that VMI also decides what and when to ship. some other widely used ARP is the efficient consumer response (ECR) used within the marketplace industry and quick response (QR) programs which are common in the apparel industry (Daugherty, Myers, Matthew, Autry and Chad, 1999).Future inventory management systems will be able to integrate all business processes for the whole supply chain. Another future development would be the use of RFID with GPRS to track inventory.ANALYSING INVENTORY ADJUSTMENTSInventory Adjustment as the invoke implies is implemented as a stock adjuster with the main objective of synchronising the system with the actual stock on hand.According to Jon Schreibfeder, in a case study with a large food distributor, he stated that the company began a program to achieve effective inventory management. As part of the program, they were cycle counting products and entering inventory valuation reserves as they find any miss match between the quality of a product in their warehouse and the inventory maintained by their computer system (Schreibfeder, 2009). In his analysis, Schreibfeder stated that the company was able to adopt a system that improved their future inventory accuracy that is methods of treatment stock in order to prevent additional stock discrepancies. They did this by conservatively analysing the reasons for inventory adjustments (Schreibfeder, 2009). This I believe was because most inventory adjustments are the result of problems encountered in the normal handling of materials.The reason to make inventory Adjustments are basically the same for most businesses irrespective of the systems and operative methodologies they are using but the way these inventory adjustments are made will affect the inventory cost differently. The main reasons why inventory adjustments are required are (Schreibfeder, 2009)Some of the products in inventory are damaged or spoiled and therefore cannot be soldMaterial is missing from inventoryProduct in inventory might be out-dated or cannot be sold because it has been in inventory for too longMore products available in the inventory than is recorded in the systemThe remaining inventory in stock is less than the quantity a customer will normally buySome inventory management system like FoodConnex implement inventory adjustment modules. According to FoodConnex, inventory adjustment can be categorized as follows (Solutions, 2009)Stock Quantity Adjustments as a result of spoilage, damage, theft, samples. These are adjustments made when stock in a store or warehouse is removed from the warehouse or store for a known reason (Solutions, 2009).Quality Adjustment due to a Receiving Error. The adjustments are made when the quantity entered as received into the system was incorrect. This will result in the re-calculation of the av erage cost of that item (Solutions, 2009).Cost Adjustment due to a Receiving Error when the cost of an item is entered incorrectly this will require inventory adjustment. This will also cause the average cost of the item to be re-calculated (Solutions, 2009).Based on the information presented, every inventory adjustment should be considered as an opportunity for businesses to improve which can result to greater corporate profitability.Challenges of Inventory management systemsSeveral inventory management systems now include many new features designed to help distributors effectively manage their inventory. However, after implementing such systems, many businesses still bear to face the same challenges they experience with their old system. These challenges include (Schreibfeder, 2000)Stock-out and lost salesInaccurate On-hand and available-for-sale quantities in their systems disappointing return on investments from inventory